ABDULLAH, A. H. Geospatial Vision-Language Models for Spatial Reasoning and Temporal Change Understanding: A Task-Centered Benchmarking Framework and Evidence Synthesis Discussion. International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science Applications, [S. l.], v. 4, n. 2, p. 175–184, 2026. DOI: 10.58776/ijitcsa.v4i2.262. Disponível em: https://ejurnal.jejaringppm.org/index.php/jitcsa/article/view/262. Acesso em: 6 aug. 2026.